Gender Stereotypes In Film. An Analysis Of Female Gender

Gender Stereotypes in Film: An Analysis of Female Gender Stereotypes in the Mainstreamed Motion Picture Legally Blonde All people see is her blonde hair and big boobs. Elle Woods, the main character of the 2001 motion picture, Legally Blonde, a movie about a college-aged girl who is trying to win back her ex-boyfriend, believes this statement because she is treated differently because she is a woman. Unfortunately, Elle is not the only woman who may be treated differently because of physical appearances. Movies like Legally Blonde help to reinforce common female stereotypes and female gender expectations by glorifying these stereotypes and expectations to their audiences. Elle is a paragon woman according to biased popular social†¦show more content†¦Gender Roles refer to a set of behaviors that indicates one’s gender or the image projected by a person that identifies his/her maleness or femaleness. Socialization refers to the act of learning/teaching gender role expectations and discerning which are acceptable and unacceptable behaviors and expectations. Stereotype threat refers to the risk of confirming in oneself a characteristic that is a negative stereotype. These definitions are important to know and understand in order to be able to recognize each in common places, such as film sources or any other media or life source. So many Americans spend hours upon hours watching motion pictures and television shows, making film a very common source of exposure to stereotypes. Unfortunately, many men and women learn gender behavior and gender role expectations from media sources such as film. Often, men and women repeat behavior they see, and they will therefore repeat these stereotypical behaviors as seen on TV. Moreover, by advertising gender stereotypes and failing to teach their viewers about the problems associated with gender stereotyping, film makers are directly and indirectly teaching viewers that these stereotypes are correct, accurate, appropriate, encouraged, etc. Elle Woods is the lead character in Legally Blonde. She meets e very standard of the â€Å"perfect woman.† She is portrayed as being beautiful (anShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Media On Women s Perceptions Of Image, Gender Roles, And Overall Self Worth Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesMedia plays a huge role in people’s perceptions of image, gender roles, and overall self worth. The media is constantly reinforcing limiting stereotypes through television, advertisements, films, and more. These stereotypes are especially geared towards women, suggesting that they have to look and act in an overtly feminine manner in order to be accepted by society. Though there are stereotypical qualities of men illustrated in media as well, they are mostly suggesting that men are dominant andRead MoreAnalysis Of A Trailer Of A Movie Or Advertisement From A Systemic Functional Analysis1344 Words   |  6 PagesAn analysis of a trailer of a movie or advertisement from a systemic functional analysis can be used to identify the semiotic techniques or re sources that are the aspects for gender stereotypes. Semiotic resources such as perspective angle, gaze, and the plane of composition are used to investigate the stereotype implications of masculine and feminist. These same resources are applicable to advertisements (Terence).This paper discusses the gender semiotic facts in filming based on a review of FastRead MoreMulan Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesDisney films has indefinitely transformed throughout the decades due to Disney’s need to gradually create conventional views and ideas of women. 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Stereotypical traits have been assigned to each gender and has become a significant problematic concern among adults in raising children. With the significant rise for entertainmentRead MoreMisinterpreting Women in Film Preserves a Stereotypical Patriarchal Society564 Words   |  3 PagesGrossman states that the misinterpretation of women in film by men and the general public, results in continuous preservation and standardization of a stereotypical patriarchal society. It is imperative to reinterpret and analyse the implicit psychosocial portrayal of female characters in film noir. The disregard of women’s individuality alongside males imposing their lust and anxiety on women has created the notion of the â€Å"femme fatale†. The term connotes that such women are unorthodox, throughRead MoreRear Window Directed By Alfred Hitchcock Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesGender ideologies are apparent in all areas of life. Whether it be online, in TV shows, movies or in person, this idea of a specific role for each gender is almost inescapable. The stereotypes of both what women and men should aspire to be and follow are ever changing in today’s current society. However, in 1954, gender roles were very specific and it is shown throughout the film, Rear Window directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Through this film, gender ideologies are challenged but ultimately remain unshatteredRead MoreDisney s Of Race And Culture1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe following analysis investigates Disney’s utilization of race and culture, throughout its films and correl ates with its awareness in social responsibility. A paramount example would be Disney’s, A Bug’s Life, presenting many key components of race and culture and how the lives of the main characters are impacted as a whole. Culture is defined as â€Å"The ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society† (Oxford Dictionary: 2015). The diversity portrayed in the film A Bug’s LifeRead MoreMovie Analysis : The World Apart 1739 Words   |  7 Pageswere defined by what the females lacked, and women were tied to their male lover. As time passed, women’s images remained the same as the gender gap grew. Women’s roles have always been tied to the male counterparts relationship. There is a myriad of examples of how the director or author shape the narrative by using stereotypes, but this will focus on a short story A World Apart written by RÃ… ¯Ã… ¾ena Jesenskà ¡, a film Daisies directed by VÄ›ra Chytilovà ¡, and the propaganda film, Confidant. A common focus

The Gastrointestinal Tract, The Immune System And Mental...

Introduction Nowadays there are a large number of investigations related to the microbiota and health not only of the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system but also the nervous system and mental health. Likewise, changes in the microbiota are implicated in the increasing tendency for a broad range of inflammatory diseases such as allergic disease, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and the presence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) for instance, cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes. Studies have suggested strategies that would regulate the intestinal microbiota for reducing the risk of such diseases,†¦show more content†¦The gut microbiota is involved in the regulation of multiple host metabolic pathways, giving rise to interactive host-microbiota metabolic, signaling, and immune-inflammatory axes that physiologically connect the gut, liver, muscle, and brain. A deeper understanding of these axes is a prerequisite for optimizing therapeutic strategies to manipulate the gut microbiota to combat disease and improve health (4). Discussion Interactions between the gut microbiota and the host immune system begin at birth. Some epidemiological studies suggest that C-section babies may have an elevated risk for developing immune and metabolic disorders, including Type 1 diabetes, allergies, asthma and obesity. Scientists have theorized that these children may be missing key bacteria known to play a large role in shaping the immune system from the moment of birth onward. Babies delivered by cesarean section (C-section) acquire a microbiota that differs from that of vaginally delivered infants, and C-section delivery has been associated with increased risk for immune and metabolic disorders. Dominguez-Bello et al conducted a pilot study in which infants delivered by C-section were exposed to maternal vaginal fluids at birth. A mother’s vaginal fluids — loaded with one such essential bacterium,

Thin Layer Chromatography Free Essays

The aim of the lab was to separate and analyse analgesic drugs in a drug tablet. The method used to separate the components was Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with silica adsorbent as the stationary phase and 0. 5% glacial acetic as the mobile phase. We will write a custom essay sample on Thin Layer Chromatography or any similar topic only for you Order Now In one plate, five known samples were used as the reference, that is: Aspirin; Caffeine; Ibuprofen; and Salicylamide. Aspirin and Salicylamide were the only samples that fluoresced. On a second plate, the tablet sample was developed. The results of the lab showed that the unknown tablet had an Rf value of 0. 51 and fluoresced. This related to Tylenol in the reference plate with an Rf value 0. 49. The other analgesics such as Anacin with Rf of 0. 13 and Excedrin with Rf of 0. 32. This proved that the lab was a success as analgesic drugs in the tablet were able to be separated and analysed. Introduction Chromatography is an analytical separation technique where compounds are separated from their mixtures. There are various types of chromatography techniques but they work using the same principles. They all have a mobile phase—made of a gas or liquid—and a stationary phase—made of a solid or liquid supported on a solid base. Separation is achieved when the mobile phase travels through the stationary phase carrying the components of the mixture in it (Wall, p. 8). Chromatographic separation involves an active and rapid equilibrium between the two phases. The equilibrium is influenced by: polarity and size of molecule; polarity of the stationary phase; and polarity of the solvent (wall, p. 11). Therefore by altering the variables using different mobile and stationary phases one can separate any substance from its mixture. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) has a stationary phase of a liquid supported on a solid base with a liquid mobile phase. Almost all mixtures of solvents can be used as a mobile phase whereas a thin consistent layer of alumina or Silica is used as a stationary phase (wall, p. 13). The polar stationary phase strongly attracts like or polar molecules. This changes the equilibrium as the molecules stay on the stationary phase. Non polar molecules have a lower affinity for the stationary phase hence remain in the mobile phase longer. This is how molecules separate in TLC. The figure below shows common functional groups according to how they elute from silica or alumina adsorbent (wall, p. 36). Increasing Functional Group Polarity Alkane, Alkyl halides, Alkenes, Dienes, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Aromatic halides, Ethers, Esters, Ketones, Aldehydes, Amines, Alcohols, Phenols, Carboxylic acids, Sulphonic acids Discussion In carrying out the experiment numerous factors might have resulted in our observation and inferences having errors. The errors might have originated from: using contaminated apparatuses; carrying out the two TLC experiments in different external conditions; the samples having other ingredients apart from the expected compounds; and using concentrated samples. Deviations came about in methodology where different experimenters carried out the experiment differently resulting in different values. Errors were reduced by allowing the spots to completely dry before running the developing solvent (mobile phase); and observing the chromatogram through UV light first before the tacking it in the iodine chamber. The observations in the lab were that samples containing Salicylamide and Asprin fluoresced under UV light. Asprin turned grey with a light blue hue while Salicylamide turned cobalt blue under UV light. The chromatogram of the second TLC plate showed that Tylenol sample was the only one that fluoresced compared to Excedrin and Anacin samples. The fluorescence of Tylenol was proof that the unknown sample was Tylenol because it fluoresced. Samples fluoresce in UV light because the plate contains a fluoresce material which indicate where the spots of samples reached under UV light. The other sample spots that did not fluoresce had to be taken to the Iodine chamber for further identification. In the iodine chamber, Iodine sublimes to vapour and gets absorbed into the organic molecule samples. Organic spots on the TLC plate turn brown hence easily detected by the naked eye. Conclusion The experiment was a success as the unknown sample was identified as Tylenol and contained Salicylamide and Asprin. The unknown components were Anacin with Rf value 0. 13, Excedrin with Rf value 0. 32, and Tylenol with Rf value 0. 49. The unknown tablet was inferred to have Tylenol analgesic as its Rf value was 0. 51 which was closer to that of Tylenol of the reference sample. How to cite Thin Layer Chromatography, Papers

Management Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

Questions: 1. Explain what is meant by the term 'corporate social responsibility' (CSR)? 2. Examine the influence that a range of stakeholders have on an organisation of your choice (uk based)? 3. Give detailed comparison of two recent examples of organisations, one which has faced criticism for having poor CSR and one which has been praised for having good CSR? Answers: 1. Corporate social responsibility The Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a kind of business management where the environmental and social concern is integrated into the operations of the business and interactions with the stakeholders of the companies. CSR is a way using which the companies balance the Triple-Bottom-Line approach which includes social, economic and environmental activities in the business (Azmat and Zutshi, 2012). It is also used to address the expectations of the stakeholders and shareholders. Also the corporate social responsibility can be divided into different parts which include the concepts of strategic business management and sponsorships or charities. It also plays a valuable part in the reduction of poverty which also enhances the brand name and improves the reputations of the company. Corporate social responsibility also includes the self-regulatory mechanism in the business model. The business under the CSR ensures its positive conformity that all the activities and operations of the business follow the rules and regulations of the laws, ethical behavior and the international and national norms (Dincer and Dincer, 2012). The goal of the corporate social responsibility is to holds the responsibilities of the corporate actions and provides a good impact on the society and the stakeholders which includes employees, customers, communities, shareholders etc. The main thinking of the business in todays world is not only to win over the customers but also to use the profits of the companies to do something good in the society (Jahdi, 2014). Corporate social responsibility provides the business practices for the benefit of the society. Most of the forward thinking companies used the corporate social responsibility in their business in case of implanting sustainability in their business operations for improving the shared value for the society and the business. According to Nejati and Ghasemi (2012), sustainability is important for the planet and the people along with it, it is important to the success of the business also. Winston Churchill has stated that Responsibility is the Price of Greatness. He also said that no other words can be used to describe the value of CSR. It takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it. If you think about that, youll do things differently is said by Benjamin Franklin. As per the statement of Benjamin Franklin, the responsibilities of the business is not only to build the business as the best company in the world, it is required to maintain the business along with sustainability. The potential benefits that the companies can acquire from using the corporate social responsibility in the business are such as triple bottom line approaches, human resource management, risk management, differentiation of brands, scrutiny reduction and the good relationship with the suppliers and the stakeholders (Quazi and Richardson, 2012). 2. Tesco is one of the largest UK based company which has used the corporate social responsibility in their business to provide the best products and services to their customers. The activities of Tesco affect several peoples in the societies throughout the world. Tesco is responsible for all those people. It is the belief of Tesco that if the business values fail to incorporate with the social values than the long term prosperity of the company will also be decreased (Rakotomavo, 2012). Hence the company may lose their customers. Few decades before, the responsibility of the products is the safety of the products. In now-a-days, the responsibility of the business is to maintain the sustainability in all the aspects of the business. Several changes take place in Tesco after integrating the corporate social responsibility in their businesses. The corporate social responsibilities are not only describing the ethical aspects but also describe the strategic aspects. The activities of the corporate social responsibilities benefits to many aspects of the companies along with their stakeholders including customers, suppliers, employees managers, shareholders and other stakeholders (Smirnova, 2012). Tesco improves their financial performance using CSR and generate more profits for the company and for the shareholders. It also reduces the operating cost of the company mostly in the field of productivity relating to the workplace and environment. Using CSR, Tesco employed the triple bottom line activities in their business and highly focused on the social, economic and environmental activities in the business (Sparkes, 2014). According to the manager of Tesco, the products and services of the company are produced by keepi ng in mind about the benefits of the society and the environment. The operations and functions of the business of Tesco do not harm the environment or the health of the people. Tesco provides more focus on the health of their customers than making profit to the business. Also as per the rules of the corporate social responsibilities, company also focuses on the employees and the workers of the factories of the company. The health of the employees and workers and their families are the responsibilities of the company. Hence, the company tries to provide the best health service to their employees and workers. Tesco also follows all the rules and regulations of the government and ensure about no harms to the environment (Sprinkle and Maines, 2010). Also they committed that none of the stakeholders of the company will harm mentally or physically due the services and products of the company. 3. The recent news of British petroleum defines that their performance regarding to the corporate social responsibilities are not good. The business of British petroleum is to find the oil, refine it and sell the gas to the customers. In the business process of the company, they have to interact with several numbers of organizations which brings the obligations regarding to the ethical activities. The ethical obligations are such as Supplying the products according to their expectations Be honest with the suppliers Provide the best health and safety services to the workplace Maintaining the environmental laws As stated by Trong Tuan (2012), during the finding and collecting of oil, BP failed to maintain the social responsibilities and the sustainability of the environment. Company failed to provide the best focus on the health of the workers and their families during the mining of the oil. As for example, regarding to the recent news, British petroleum refinery in the northern side of Indiana is blamed for the rising of the gas price in Cincinnati. In the northern Indiana, BP Whiting Refinery shut the three largest crude distillation units down. Regarding to the recent news, Shoosmiths has been recognized by the legal department of UK as the best legal employer of the week. The survey organized by Legal Week Intelligence of UK with the international firms, Shoosmiths declared as the best employer. The score of the firm is higher regarding to the values of the people given by the company. It is said that according to the culture, best value is provided to the people by Shoosmiths. High score also obtained in the field of the quality of the customers and the quality of the work that is available to their employees. This firm also praised because of sharing the best information of CSR in their blogs and the photo galleries for their employees. As commented by Louise Hadland, the HR director of Shoosmiths, the clients of this firm choose them due to the best legal advisors. The aim of the company is to focus on the professional development of each and every people related to the company to provide them the best potential. The benefits of this will not only limit to the employees, also provides to the clients. Hence Shoosmiths can claim to be the best practice for the corporate social responsibilities in their firm. References List Azmat, F. and Zutshi, A., 2012. Perceptions of corporate social responsibility amongst immigrant entrepreneurs. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(1), pp.63-76. Dincer, B. and Dincer, C., 2012. Measuring brand social responsibility: a new scale. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(4), pp.484-494. Jahdi, K., 2014. Cause-related marketing (CaRM) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Social Responsibility Journal, 10(4), pp.674-684. Nejati, M. and Ghasemi, S., 2012. Corporate social responsibility in Iran from the perspective of employees. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(4), pp.578-588. Quazi, A. and Richardson, A., 2012. Sources of variation in linking corporate social responsibility and financial performance. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(2), pp.242-256. Rakotomavo, M., 2012. Corporate investment in social responsibility versus dividends?. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(2), pp.199-207. Smirnova, Y., 2012. Perceptions of corporate social responsibility in Kazakhstan. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(3), pp.404-417. Sparkes, S., 2014. Corporate social responsibility: Benefits for youth in hydropower development in Laos. International Review of Education, 60(2), pp.261-277. Sprinkle, G. and Maines, L., 2010. The benefits and costs of corporate social responsibility. Business Horizons, 53(5), pp.445-453. Trong Tuan, L., 2012. Corporate social responsibility, leadership, and brand equity in healthcare service. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(3), pp.347-362.

Whitings Model free essay sample

The motor skill example I am going to explain for each model is catching a ball in netball; there are 8 elements to Whiting’s model. The first element is the input data from display, the process which occurs in this element the player notices the display which is the environment and surroundings. The netball player would notice the ball, his teammates, opponents and spectators. This information will stimulate the sensory systems. The next element is the sense organs; the senses of vision, auditory and proprioception are used to gather information so the player is aware of what is happening around them. The player would visually see the ball and the direction of the ball, also the sense of hearing which is auditory would be used as the player would be hearing teammates talking and the coach giving instructions. The proprioceptors would be used such as touch, kinaesthetic and equilibrium to stimulate sensory receptors. We will write a custom essay sample on Whitings Model or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The equilibrium would tell the performer whether he is balanced or in the right stance to be able to receive a catch. The next element is perceptual mechanisms; the information received by the sensory receptors is interpreted by making sense of the stimuli which is received. There is 3 concepts to this, firstly the detection phase where the brain identifies the stimulus present, then comparison phase which is once the stimulus is identifies, it is then compared to a similar stimuli that is stored in the schema. Lastly the recognition phase matches the stimulus to one which is stored in the memory and identified. The netball played would firstly interpret the speed of the ball and the trajectory of the ball coming to the player. Next in the translator mechanisms element, the information has been identified and interpreted so that the correct response can be put into action through the form of a motor programme. This is also the decision making phase as the movement identified leads to an action being chosen and being put in the correct order and where they will take place. The player would decide what position and stance to get into and the order of where these movements will take place. The next element is the effector mechanism where the motor programme is put into action by sending impulses via the nervous system to the muscles appropriate to the movement so the correct action can take place. The impulses would be sent to the player’s bicep and tricep brachii which would contract to get into the correct position to catch the ball. The perceptual, translator and effector mechanisms are all body boundary processes. The muscular system element is when the muscles which receive the impulses correspond and make the movements in the correct order of action. The example is the same for the effector mechanism where the impulse to the tricep and bicep brachii contract leading to the movement taking place. The output data is the end product itself so the netball player makes the catch or could drop the catch this then leads to the display changing and creates new information which is feedback after the motor programmes have taken place. Lastly the feedback data is received from intrinsic feedback which is internal sources such as proprioceptors which use the kinesthesis of the movement about whether it feels good. The other type is extrinsic feedback which is external sources such as teachers or coaches telling the player which are received by the auditory and visual systems, an example would be whether the catch felt good if the proprioceptors have a good feel for the movement.

The Turkhill Stud Mill Example

The Turkhill Stud Mill Example The Turkhill Stud Mill – Case Study Example The Turk hill Stud Mill Although purchasing is a small act of sourcing for products that a company needs to manufacture, sometimes companies end up incurring massive losses in their purchases. Turk hill is one such an organization. Every financial year, the company makes losses of about $100,000 from overpayment for logs and delivery of shorter logs (Sower, 2010). It is possible for Turk Hill Company to fix the problem at hand. According to Turk Hill Company, the only option available to them is spreading every log and having it measured and inspected before accepting it from the loggers. This process is time consuming and can encourage Turks suppliers to shift their supplies to other millers. Therefore, any decision should have the customer in mind. A commitment to appoint individuals to work at the premises of loggers and inspect the logs before loading in the trucks would help a lot. The inspectors will recommend a shipment to Turk Hill and accept responsibility for it. Additional ly, it is easier to count logs in the process of loading instead of counting them when in the lorry. The driver of the lorry will travel with the delivery records to Turks premises confirmed by the employee of Turk at the logger’s premises. A second person offloading the truck at Turks will approve the amount and the quality of the logs. The adoption of the new system will take place if the project proves feasible. It will only be feasible if the amount used to pay extra workers is less compared to the yearly losses Turk Hill incurs on related spending. Should this process be unviable, the Turk Hill Company can try sourcing for a device that will sort the logs into different sizes and allow measurement upon delivery.ReferenceSower, V. E. (2010).Essentials of Quality with Cases and Experiential Exercises. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Film Analysis - Essay Example The sociological perspective I will introduce is the idea of conformity. Conformity is going along with peers who have no special right to direct behavior. It could be synonymous with obedience because in this case, her higher authority is Hollywood. If she wants to fit into an awards show dress, she must stick to the cleansing diet proposed for maximum fit. Conformity is very important in many social circles. Conformity determines who is â€Å"in† and who is â€Å"out† when it comes to popularity. According to Milgram, we as humans are accustomed to submitting to authority. Sometimes that authority is a person, or object and other times it a higher power. Conformity oddly enough gives people a sense of belonging in this world and the power of conforming to someone else has to do with nature/nurture. Social control becomes a factor in this scene because it is informal. The owner of the clothing store has no idea how much weight and power his words possess when giving the actress the secret ingredient to becoming a size zero. The final scene I’d like to bring to mind is actually the scene where Dawn splurges and goes on a binge before even starting her West Hollywood diet. She is very much aware of what she will have to endure as a person taking on the new persona of a size zero or as she likes to call it â€Å"a UK size four.† The Socialistic point of view that can be attributed to this scene is deviancy. It is not just deviancy, but it is complete rebellion. Deviancy is the behavior or attributes of an individual or group that some may find offensive, wrong, strange or immoral. Let’s take the word strange and apply it to this situation. When a person is deviant, they are going the other way or avoiding the outcome. Dawn purposely eats tons of food before starting her diet as an act of deviance because she knows she will need to endure a much

Communication Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Communication Strategies - Essay Example In the paper, Ricardo Ramirez and Wendy Quarry analyze the different communication strategies in this age of decentralization and privatization of rural services. The study is based on two African experiences to incorporate the aspect of rural service provision. From the study, the paper then identifies the challenges that decentralization faces in privatizing the provision of rural services. Globally, this wave creates many challenges for the local governments, service providers and the rural communities at large. The unprecedented new rules and procedures that come with this new trend are studied in respect to their impact on local organizations. Further, the paper finds that these new rules bring about the need for change in attitudes and skills. In the first case, the authors identify Uganda in studying the Communications and Information Strategy for the National Agricultural Advisory Services Program. Secondly, they then tour Mozambique, where efforts are made to formulate a plan tom communicate the National Water Policy and the Rural Water Transition Plan. The research findings are wide and varied and agree on the importance of having communication strategies in decentralization and privatization of rural services. Among the findings are the different complimentary functions that communication plays in any development. The authors say that it goes well beyond ‘public relations’. The paper also finds posits that there is an increasing urge to incorporate specialized skills in planning and managing communication strategies.

Airport Improvement Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Airport Improvement Program - Essay Example Sponsors are generally permitted to expend AIP money towards major airfield capital improvement efforts as well as repairs. Projects eligible for AIP funding include; airport safety associated enhancements, improvement of capacity, protection of the environment in the airports and enhancement of security. The funds can also be used on professional services that come with the eligible projects i.e., plans, survey services and designs. It should be noted that the operating expenses associated with the same projects are not eligible for AIP funding. The projects must therefore be sufficiently justified apart from complying with federal requirements of procurement and environmental safety. In major primary airports, AIP grants cover 70% of the total eligible costs or 80% for implementation of noise programs. The range of coverage for general aviation airports, reliever and small primary airports ranges from 90%-95% of the total cost as per the statutory minimum requirements. AIP grants to airports are aimed to fund planning, development and implementation of noise compatibility projects at the public-use airports. In order to be eligible for AIP grants therefore the airports must either be owned by the public, privately owned but with scheduled services & a minimum of two thousand five hundred enplanements yearly. Also private airports designated as relievers by FAA are eligible. Inclusion in the NPIAS is another important eligibility requirement for AIP. AIP funds are generally used towards projects contributing to capital improvement at the airports. The funds can thus be expended on most of the airfield capital improvement projects and in some unique events on terminals, and hangars as well as some nonaviation developments. Professional services related to the projects are also eligible for funding. On the other hand, those projects associated operations in the airports and improvements that are revenue generating are typically not funded by AIP. Other

Ethical Issues in Addiction Counselling

Ethical Issues in Addiction Counselling Ethical Issues in Addiction Counseling Although counselors and psychologists remain focused in their professional ethics by following ethical standards which are similar; this is not the case in addiction counseling because counselors encounter different situations due to the nature of their counselees. O deal with this challenge is therefore imperative for the counselors to work towards realizing their ethical standards based on ethical standards of the counseling profession (Scott 2000). There are six unique ethical issues to be analyzed fully. The addiction treatment is not therapeutic as many processes psychology for it tends to be base more on faith than the scientific approach. The research being undertaken currently suggests that there is more research on the field of addiction and scientists have almost come into conclusion that addiction is a brain disease. Chemicals and their exposure to the brain is the main cause of addiction. Scott goes further to argue that drunkards recovering from alcoholism are not normal enough since the alcohol affects cognitive reasoning. However, the main problem is that many psychologists are known not to link alcoholism with clinical research to determine the interrelationship. This argument has elements of truth in tit because you can find that the practitioner rarely you will find them in touch with the research hence link is vital to addictive counselors and counselees. The greatest enemy to the promotion of integrated approach in harmonizing theory, research and clinical practice is tradition. Many practitioners think they know much from their experience and they hold on to the past ways of doing it. This is a clear indication of ignorance. For those who can not work within the disease model are advised to change to other forms of rehabilitation to safeguard many drug dependent from leaving the counseling censure. The addicts whom refuse to follow the classic disease model are said to be in denial or even adamant to change. Instead of forcing clients, to w ays that they do not like the counselors should be open minded and use the available methods. Hence, imperative to be open to look at the treatment model and whether it works or not and device new ways.Another very important point that affects Counseling addictions is the failure for professionals to agree on who is fit to handle these cases. Since this research is more complicated it requires advanced training which lacks with many addict counselors. The idea of uniformity rather than individualized training aimed at tackling the problems as per addict.Moreover there is questionable propensity of group work or team work. Since the professionals are not enough in this field then groups like Alcoholics Anonymous have come to aid their fellow alcoholics and they offer group approach counseling. With their dark past many of these addicts could have cognitive impairment because of using drugs and may develop antisocial behavior hence will not be in position to fit in the group discussio n. Furthermore, there is confidentiality and the federal laws are tougher on addictive law than the states this is made to encourage addicts to feel free to go for counseling without fear of being apprehended..In addition there should be clear cut demarcation between who gives the go ahead for counseling. Although, many of these decisions are made by people who are not sound it is advisable for the government to avoid forcing addicts to counseling like the law that incase you are caught driving and drunk you attend Alcoholics Anonymous. Incase the counselor finds the customer is not responsive it is the ethical responsibility of the counselor to stop the process otherwise there is no need to squander the customers money without results.In conclusion this article is scholarly because it has addressed paramount ethical issues affecting addiction counseling and the way forward. Ethics in Substance abuse Rehabilitation Most substance abuse practitioners are persons that are in recovery which means that this practitioners may have limited training in ethics thus they may encounter problems while trying to recognizing ethical dilemmas while in practice. This field lacks a framework within which it works consistently. In the past ethical problems in substance abuse were resolved using professional codes of practice of other fields e.g. medicine. However practitioners often feel that ethics is more of a personal issue thus organizations have been helping support practitioners sense of mortality and professional behavior through laws, regulations etc. Practitioners come from various training backgrounds which in turn affects their ethical background Howeverarticulate ethics and values can help improve and guide professional conduct.A clear set of standards and ethical framework may help practitioners clarify case management decisions and increase their competence in serving the clients because without a clear set of ethical standards for practice counselors may feel the pressure to comply with particular set of beliefs, causes etc. However a major setback undermining the achievement of good conduct is that many therapists are refusing to be part of any comprehensive program evaluation.The main aim of code of ethics according to Kerry in code of ethics is to; protect the health of the client by laying down standards of quality, provide guidance for professional behavior and also to protect and promote the professional identity and integrity of a profession. Ethical principles of rehabilitation counseling include; Autonomy which refers to independence, freedom and the capacity for self governance. States that the client should have autonomous voice in his/her treatment enabling him/her to make decisions. Beneficence which is an ethical principal that emphasizes an obligation to promote client welfare. Clients interests should be above the counselors. Non munificence refers to acting in a manner that does not harm the client. Rehabilitation counseling should function within the limits of the counselors role, training and technical competence and only on positions for which counselors are professionally qualified. Justice principle requires practitioners to treat clients fairly e.g. in the allocation of monies, resources and time. Also in the charging of professional service.Fidelity principle focuses on loyalty and honesty in professional relationships between councilors and clients, colleagues among others. It includes protection of clients personal information. Ethical dilemma exists when two or more ethical principle values come into conflict and suggest opposing courses of action..In conclusion findings of this article are scholarly in that they clearly show that substance abuse treatment field is rapidly changing. Treatment facilities are attempting to individualize therapy to meet the needs of a diverse clientele by increasing the menu of treatment option s, while more and more counselors are entering the field with less mentoring and limited training in ethics. Ethical practitioners are becoming more and more aware of the contextual forces in the profession that influences their ethical practices. Confidentiality in Substance Abuse Counseling Confidentiality has been defined in The Social Work Dictionary as: A principle of ethics according to which the social worker or other professional may not disclose information about a client without the clients consent. This information includes the identity of the client, content of overt verbalizations, professional opinions about the client, and material from the records. In specific circumstances, social workers and other professionals may be compelled by law to reveal to designated authorities some information (such as threats of violence, commission of crimes, and suspected child abuse) that would be relevant to legal judgments.In the 1996 revision, confidentiality is highlighted in three specific areas of practice: with clients, with colleagues, and in research. In Section 1.07 of the current Social Work Code of Ethics eighteen different categories of responsibility social workers have towards their clients confidentiality are outlined .The fact that there are eighteen provis ions, more than any other area in the code, demonstrates the importance of confidentiality to the profession of social work. These points specifically address what is considered confidential material, with whom and when that material can be released, and when and how this information should be explained to clients. Specific highlights include: Social workers have permission to disclose information only with the proper consent of the client. Social workers should inform clients about confidentiality, and when and to whom disclosure is appropriate. Social workers cannot disclose information to third party payers without consent of the client. Social workers should not discuss confidential information unless privacy can be assured. Confidentiality should be maintained in a technological office that includes computers, faxes, and cellular phones.Exceptions to confidentiality; there are times in the course of the client-worker relationship that the client may voluntarily rescind confiden tiality. There are other times where confidentiality is not legally binding on the social worker. These circumstances relate to safety of the client or others. Important issues related to confidentiality include client consent, duty to warn, and privileged communication. Consent. There are many times where it would be beneficial for a social worker to talk to others who are involved in the clients life. This might focus on obtaining third party reimbursement, additional history, collateral collaboration, court testimony or sharing information with other service providers. With managed care, clients generally want reassurance that their sessions will be covered, but that only the minimum amount of information is provided to the insurance company (Corcoran Winslade, 1994). Therefore, clients often allow social workers to release information to insurance providers, including diagnosis and treatment plans, but rely on workers to not divulge every aspect of their drug and/or alcohol use .A second occasion when a social worker may seek a clients consent is in pursuing additional history from collateral sources or corroboration of information. This will occur primarily during initial assessment; however, it might take place later during the treatment process. For instance,when a client is admitted to a psychiatric unit, there may be a need for additional information such as family history of psychiatric disorders or substance abuse, the precipitating event, or the clients current living arrangements. Such additional information, usually provided by a family member, may be beneficial in making an assessment and verifying a clients information. Findings of confidentiality in substance abuse counseling are scholarly in that it shows how applying the standard confidentiality rules for basic social work practice is not adequate or acceptable when working with substance abusing clients and may well cause legal and ethical difficulties. Comparison is most exhibited in the a bove articles mostly in the way of addressing practitioners know how which is clearly a hindrance in effective counseling. All articles observe reluctance on part of therapists in observing ethics code. Also all three articles address ethical issues in counseling. Furthermore all articles observe the importance of practitioners to observe code of ethics. All three articles support each other.Information in all the articles can be synthesized in terms of observing substance councelling which is discussed in all the articles. This can address all issues brought forward in addiction councelling. By broadly talking about ethical issues in substance addiction councelling, this will address all concerns.

Letter To The Author Of I, Rigoberta Menchu :: essays research papers

Dear Rigoberta Menchu:I have recently read your autobiography I, Rigoberta Menchu, in which your portrayed as an oppressed yet ultimately triumphant victim of classism, racism, colonialism, and of course sexism. In your book you talk about your family, a Quiche Indian family, which was very poor. The small plot of land that the family owned did not produce enough to feed everyone. Life on a plantation was harsh.People lived in crowded sheds with no clean water or toilets. Your people, the native Indians in Guatemala had no rights of citizenship. You were restricted to people of Spanish descent and were, therefore, vulnerable to abuses by those in power."We are living in a troubled world, in a time of great uncertainty. It's a time to reflect about many things, especially about humankind as a whole, and the balance between collective and individual values". This is something you have mentioned and something that I completely agree with. Indigenous people are among the most victims of terrible incomprehensible repression and violation of the law in many parts of the world.The atrocities that you wrote about in your book are both compelling and heartbreaking. Though, I have not limited myself there, I have investigated further your story. I searched the Internet several times about your book, story, and life what I found amazed me. I read articles stating that your book I, Rigoberta Menchu is falsely chronicled. "A recounted in your autobiography, the story of Rigoberta Menchu is the stuff of classic Marxist myth. According to your book you came from a poor Mayan family, living on margins of a country from which had been dispossessed by Spanish conquistadors. Their descendents, known as Ladinos, try to drive the Menchus and other Indian peasants off claimed land that they had cultivated. As said in your book, you are illiterate and were kept from having an education by your peasant father, Vicente. He refuses to send you to school because he needs to work in the fields, and because he is afraid that the school will turn his daughter against him. From the articles I found on the Internet it has been proven that you went to a private institution, and that your family wasn't as poor as to the point of starvation.You make these linkages explicit: "My personal experience is the reality of a whole people". It is a call to people of good will all over the world to help the noble but powerless indigenous peoples of Guatemala and other Third World countries to gain their rightful inheritance.